Germany
studying, working, living in Germany
Living in Germany
Advantages of Living in Germany
1. Affordable or free education: Public universities often have low tuition fees, especially for bachelor's and master's programs, even for international students.
2. Strong job market: Germany has an unemployment rate of only about 5.7% and the overall economic outlook is very positive. Stable market and growing demand for skilled workers.
3. Quality of life: Germany offers excellent infrastructure, free healthcare, and safety with a strong focus on sustainability and green living.
4. Cultural and historical richness: It's a hub for art, history and innovation offering a vibrant mix of cultural experiences.
5. Work opportunities for students: International students are allowed to work part-time (maximum twenty hours per week) which makes managing living costs easier.
6. Path to permanent residence: After studying and working in Germany, students can qualify for residence leading to long-term opportunities.
Disadvantages of Living in Germany
1. Language barrier: While many programs are offered in English, daily life often requires German, especially outside urban areas.
2. High cost of living in big cities: Cities like Munich, Frankfurt and Berlin can be expensive, with high rent and living costs.
3. Bureaucracy: Immigration and registration processes can be slow and complex.
4. Weather: German winters can be long and dark, which may affect those accustomed to sunnier climates.
5. Competitive job market: Finding a job after graduation can be competitive without German language proficiency.
Education System
What's the Difference Between Master's and Bachelor's Degrees?
Bachelor's Programs in Germany
1. Duration: Typically three to four years.2. Tuition: Most public universities offer free education for bachelor's students with minimal administrative fees.
3. Focus: Provides basic knowledge and broad understanding of a subject area.
4. Language requirements: Many bachelor's programs are in German, so proficiency (B2/C1 level) is often required.
5. Post-graduation opportunities: Graduates may find entry-level jobs, but specialized roles may require further study.
6. Eligibility: High school diploma equivalent to German Abitur is required.
Master's Programs in Germany
1. Duration: Usually one to two years.2. Tuition fees: Generally free at public universities with minor fees for non-EU students in some states.
3. Focus: Offers advanced and specialized knowledge in a specific field, often with research components.
4. Language requirements: Many master's programs are in English, making them more accessible to international students.
5. Post-graduation career opportunities: Master's degrees are highly regarded and open doors to senior roles, research positions or PhD programs.
6. Eligibility: Requires a relevant bachelor's degree, often with specific GPA and subject requirements.
Key Differences
- Language: Bachelor's programs often require German proficiency, while master's programs with English-taught courses are more international student-friendly.
- Career focus: A master's degree equips students for specialized, higher-paying roles, while a bachelor's provides entry-level opportunities.
- Duration: Master's programs are shorter, attractive for those seeking quick entry into the job market.
- Cost: Both are affordable, but the financial advantage of free education is often greater at bachelor's level.
- After graduation, if you want to stay in Germany after your student residence permit expires, you have two options:
- Apply for a job search residence permit: If you don't have a job offer at graduation, you can apply for this permit. It's valid for up to 18 months and allows you to search for a job matching your degree or start a business. You must visit the relevant immigration office (Ausländerbehörde) and can apply immediately after passing your final university exam. If you find suitable employment before graduation, you can skip this step. During job search, you're permitted any employment (including self-employment).
- Residence permit: This is time-limited and issued for specific purposes like training, family reunification, or humanitarian, international or political reasons.
EU Blue Card: Since you successfully obtained your degree in Germany, this facilitates the process, but the Blue Card still has specific requirements including:
Employment contract must be for at least 6 months.
Job must relate to your degree.
Your job must provide minimum gross annual salary of €48,300 (from 2025).
If working in an in-demand occupation (bottleneck profession), you can get a Blue Card with minimum gross annual salary of €43,759.80 (from 2025), provided your employment is approved by the Federal Employment Agency. This salary threshold is published annually by the Federal Ministry. For more information and list of in-demand occupations, visit:
In-Demand Occupations
- Start your application process at least 6-12 months before your intended start date
- Improve your German language skills as much as possible before applying
- Research companies thoroughly before applying
- Prepare for cultural differences in German workplace etiquette
- Be ready to adapt to Germany's dual education system combining school and work
- Continue working with your training company (many offer permanent positions)
- Find employment with another company in your field
- Pursue further education to become a master craftsman (Meister) or specialist
- Apply for permanent residence if you meet the requirements
- Make it in Germany - Official Portal
- Federal Employment Agency
- Ausbildung Job Portal
- Goethe Institute (German Language)
Working After Graduation
Cost of Living
As a minimum amount, a single person (like a student) in Germany needs at least €992 per month (about $1,040 USD) or €11,904 annually to cover living costs in 2024. However, this represents a very tight budget and isn't recommended for a moderate lifestyle. For average costs, see the table below.
For detailed costs of goods and services in Germany, visit:
Cost of Living in GermanyAs shown in the table below, purchasing power varies across German cities, showing which are cheaper or more expensive. Typically, southern Germany has higher living costs than other states.
Popular Programs
Germany is a world leader in industries like mechanical engineering, business analysis, electronics, civil engineering, IT and software development, healthcare and automotive. Many international students find employment after graduation, especially given the economic boom in these sectors.
Top Universities
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich)Technische Universität München (Technical University of Munich)
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg (Heidelberg University)
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Humboldt University of Berlin)
Freie Universität Berlin (Free University of Berlin)
RWTH Aachen University
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin)
Universität Mannheim (University of Mannheim)
Universität Stuttgart (University of Stuttgart)
Universität Leipzig (Leipzig University)
Universität Freiburg (University of Freiburg)
Universität Göttingen (University of Göttingen)
Universität Hamburg (University of Hamburg)
Universität Frankfurt (Goethe University Frankfurt)
Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg)
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen (University of Tübingen)
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn (University of Bonn)
Technical University of Darmstadt (University of Darmstadt)
University of Cologne
Opportunity Card
If you're from outside the EU/EEA or Switzerland and want to apply for the Opportunity Card under Section 20a of Germany's Residence Act (AufenthG), you have these options:
Option 1:
You have an academic or vocational qualification fully recognized in Germany. Or you obtained your qualification in Germany.
Option 2:
You score at least 6 points in the points system and meet these additional conditions:
Your vocational qualification must show at least two years of training. Additionally. To support your visa application, you need positive recognition of your qualification which you can request online from the Central Office for Foreign Education (ZAB).
Important Note
You must have German language skills at least at A1 level (CEFR) or English at B2 level (CEFR). Financial means requirement:For both options 1 and 2, you must have sufficient funds to support yourself while job searching in Germany. During the visa process, you can prove this through:
Blocked account (with minimum net balance of €1,091 per month, applicable amount for 2025)
or Financial Commitment Declaration
Opportunity Card Points System
.1. Qualification Recognition
4 points: If your foreign qualification is partially equivalent to a German one. This includes cases where compensatory measures (like additional training or exams) are needed for regulated professions.
2. Your qualification is in an in-demand occupation
1 point: If your qualification is in an in-demand occupation in Germany. Check if your occupation is listed:
Germany's In-Demand Occupations List
3. Work Experience
2 points: For at least 2 years of relevant work experience in the past 5 years.
3 points: For at least 5 years of relevant work experience in the past 7 years.
4. Language Skills
German language:
1 point for A2 level (CEFR).
2 points: For B1 level (CEFR).
3 points: For B2 level or higher (CEFR).
English language:
1 extra point: For C1 level or higher (CEFR) or if English is your native language.
Minimum points required
To qualify for the Opportunity Card, you need at least 6 points based on above criteria. Exact requirements may vary by regulations and immigration policy updates.
You must provide documents proving your education, work experience and language skills when applying.
The Opportunity Card is part of Germany's efforts to attract skilled workers, especially in shortage occupations.
If you meet criteria and score enough points, you can apply. The card allows you to come to Germany to find work or pursue further training.
5. Age Criteria
2 points: If you're under 35. Valid until your 35th birthday.
1 point: If aged 35-40.
6. Previous Residence in Germany
1 point: If you can prove legal continuous residence in Germany for at least 6 months in the past 5 years. This includes study, language learning or work stays. Tourist or visitor stays don't count. You can use old passport copies with visa stamps as proof.
Potential of Spouse/Partner as Skilled Worker
1 point: If married/in partnership and coming with spouse/partner who also qualifies for Opportunity Card. They can self-check eligibility here:
Self-Assessment Link
Note: All information you provide must be supported by appropriate documents/certificates to be valid for visa application. These may include:
Educational certificates (with official translation if needed)
- Work experience certificates (showing duration and type of professional activities)
- Language certificates (e.g., German/English at required level)
- Old passport copies (to prove previous residence)
- Age documents (like birth certificate/passport)
- Spouse/partner documents (if applicable)
Providing these documents completely and accurately increases your chances of obtaining the Opportunity Card.
Ausbildung (Vocational Training) and Salary Conditions
During Ausbildung (vocational training), participants can expect gross monthly salary between €550 and €1,500 depending on industry and region. After taxes, net salary is typically €450-€1,200. Salaries increase annually, with technical and healthcare fields in urban areas offering higher wages. To start Ausbildung in Germany as an international applicant, you must meet specific criteria.
**Age and Educational Requirements**-Minimum age: Usually 18 for international applicants due to legal requirements.
Educational background: Varies by program:
-Mittlere Reife: Equivalent to secondary school certificate.
- Realschulabschluss: Equivalent to complete secondary education.
- Abitur: University entrance qualification often required for advanced programs.
**Language Skill Requirements**
German proficiency at minimum B1/B2 level required. Over 90% of companies state language skills are very important.
-Valid tests: TestDaF, DSH or Goethe-Zertifikat.
**Legal Requirements for Non-EU Citizens**
-Residence permit: Mandatory for duration of Ausbildung.
- Visa: Requires training company confirmation, proof of language skills, proof of financial means (€863 monthly) and health insurance.
**How to Apply for Ausbildung in Germany from Abroad?**
Applying for Ausbildung (vocational training) in Germany is a structured process. Here's a simple, comprehensive guide to help you through each step:
Step 1: Understand Ausbildung Better Ausbildung combines theoretical education with practical experience, typically lasting 2-3.5 years depending on field. It leads to various careers in technical industries, engineering, healthcare, IT etc.
Step 2: Choose Your Field of Interest First, select the vocation/field you want to train in. Consider your interests, strengths and career goals. Germany offers diverse Ausbildung programs, so choosing the right one is crucial.
Step 3: Research Available Programs To find Ausbildung opportunities in your chosen field, you can:
Use specialized job portals for Ausbildung listings.
Company websites: Many companies post Ausbildung positions in their careers sections.
Federal Employment Agency: Useful resource for finding vocational training programs.
Step 4: Prepare Required Documents For an Ausbildung application, you'll need:
CV (Lebenslauf in German) including education, work experience and skills.
- Cover letter (Anschreiben) explaining your interest in the program.
- Educational certificates including transcripts.
Step 5: Submit Application
You can apply through company websites or job portals. Take time to tailor each application to the specific role and company. Highlight relevant experiences and your motivation for joining their program.
Step 6: Prepare for Interview
If your application is successful, you'll be invited for an interview. Research the company and prepare for common interview questions.
Step 7: Sign Training Contract
After acceptance, you'll receive a training contract. This includes program duration, salary, working hours and responsibilities.
Step 8: Apply for Ausbildung Visa (if needed)
If you're a non-EU citizen, you'll need an Ausbildung visa to participate. Required documents include training contract, proof of financial means and health insurance.
The visa application process may take several weeks, so start immediately after receiving your training contract.
Step 9: Register at Vocational School
In addition to practical training at the company, you'll enroll at a vocational school (Berufsschule). This is typically coordinated by your employer.
Step 10: Begin Your Ausbildung
Once all paperwork is complete and you have your visa (if required), you can begin your vocational training program in Germany.
Important Tips for Ausbildung Applicants
Salary Expectations During Ausbildung
The salary you receive during your Ausbildung depends on several factors:
| Industry Sector | First Year (€/month) | Second Year (€/month) | Third Year (€/month) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Industry & Trade | 800-1,050 | 850-1,100 | 900-1,200 |
| Craft Trades | 550-800 | 600-850 | 650-950 |
| Healthcare | 1,000-1,200 | 1,050-1,300 | 1,100-1,400 |
| IT & Technology | 900-1,100 | 950-1,200 | 1,000-1,300 |
Note: These are approximate gross salary ranges and may vary by company and region.
After Completing Ausbildung
After successfully completing your Ausbildung, you have several options:
Useful Resources
By following this comprehensive guide, you can successfully navigate the process of applying for and completing an Ausbildung program in Germany, setting yourself up for a rewarding career in your chosen field.